Tuesday, July 11, 2006
Spencer Heath Cites--I
at Curtiss Jenny (JN4C) - Paragon c. 1918. See also Curtiss JN4C Paragon Propeller c.1917.
Adams, Clement E.
--House of Representatives Report No. 1727, Select Committee Under House Resolution 288. Hearings beginning March 9, 1908. Part 3--Testimony. United States Congressional Serial Set.
[The Lake Torpedo Boat Company was involved in the manufacture of submarines for the Navy and the Hearing was a review of the contracts.--Ken Gregg]
Testimony of Clement E. Adams [brother-in-law of Simon Lake, President and owner of Lake Torpedo Boat Company. Adams took care of the books of the company.] dated April 15, 1908.
P. 1172:
Q. Who was the Lake company's patent attorney of whom you spoke in Washington?--A. That is not the Lake company attorney. It is Mr. J.C. Lake's.
Q. Who is he?--A. Spencer Heath.
P. 1809:
Heath, Spencer, patent attorney for Lake Company.......1172
Amazon.com listings for Spencer Heath.
Anarcho-capitalist FAQ
--"Finally, there are esoteric arguments about speculations on "what a stateless society would look like." Will PDAs (Private Defense Agencies) be vertically integrated, or would there be separate police, court, and penal firms? Will there be non-territorial provision of defense, or will it be provided in territorial enclaves, such as neighborhoods, wards, and quasi-city-States? The latter is called Heathian anarchism, after Georgist dissenter Spencer Heath."
Bacon, David L.
--National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Technical Memorandum: The "Universal Propeller" built by Paragon Engineers, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, March, 1922 [also here].
--National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Technical Memorandum: The "Universal" Adjustable and Reversible Propeller built by Paragon Engineers, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, November, 1922 [also here].
Bahnson, Dave
--"Background Information"
Bell, Tom W.
--The Jurisprudence Of Polycentric Law, 1992. References to SH MacCallum.
--"Polycentric Law in the New Millennium", 1998
CCI Bookshelf at TUSPCO
--Spencer Heath - Citadel, Market and Altar - In his theory of Socionomy, the author reaches a surprising conclusion: that it is possible to build a totally free, laissez-faire society wherein all interactions, including those functions historically assumed by political states, can be provided contractually, in free-market capitalism. Very similar to Andrew J.Galambos’s theory of Volition, Heath reached many of the same concepts earlier, from a different direction. 1957 hardcover, 243 pages $24.50.
Chamberlain, John
--The Roots of Capitalism (Princeton: D. Van Nostrand, 1959)
Pp. 92-3:
There are other contentions about rent to be disposed of, as we shall see when we come to Francis Amasa Walker's demonstration that an improvement in industry may increase the demand for labor at a much faster rate than the demand for raw materials and food. But it is, perhaps, enough to say that land is merely another form of capital, which can be added to intensively (by good cultivation), as well as extensively by clearing the wilderness or diking the sea. Taken as capital, it is subject to the same laws [p. 93] of accumulation and the same laws of profit as other capital. It trades even-up with other capital on its ability to earn 5 or 6 per cent. And besides: there is a purely social justification for rent. As Spencer Heath, another American, has observed in his Citadel, Market and Altar, rent is the fee we willingly pay to the landlord for providing us with a non-political method of allocating sites and resources. If we had to go to the politician to gain access to soil and its products--or to a site within reach of our customers-the distribution of sites would become a perpetual nightmare. Favoritism, force, and fraud would rule, not the free conditions of the market place.
Pp. 214-5:
Is it Social Security that the Keynesian is worried about? Well, why not permit any man who can prove that he is already paying his own insurance premiums to be exempted from the Social Security law? (The State might require for a transition period that he keep up a basic amount of private insurance at all times, but it makes no sense for Washington to insure Nelson Rockefeller.) Is it medical care that bothers our Veblenian? Well, the Blue Cross system, not to mention the private medical cooperative, is certainly capable of vast extension. Is it "urban redevelopment" that seemingly requires federal support of slum clearance? Well, what is there to prevent the owners of urban property from pooling their titles and taking over the reconstruction of blighted areas? ( William Zeckendorf has shown what can be done to clear slums at a profit all around, and Spencer Heath has pointed out that private real estate interests might do far better for themselves and their tenants by assuming certain municipal functions.) Is it the relief of the unemployed that seems an insurmountable obstacle under "laissez faire"? Well, why not grant tax rebates to any corporation which is willing to adapt the principle of the guaranteed annual wage to its operations? Is it the alleged inability of a "nationalized economy" to unwind which bothers the "liberal"? Well, the proof of the pudding is in the eating--and it remains a fact that the [p. 215] British government has already managed to sell some of its steel companies back to private owners. Is it "lousing" that troubles the Keynesian's conscience? Well, the private building societies financed a whopping construction boom in England of the Thirties, and there is no reason why there should not be a recrudescence of the building society idea today. Finally, is it the "farm problem" that seems a perennial Old Man of the Sea? Well, just the other day the Committee for Economic Development suggested that the federal government take whole "marginal" farms out of production by compensating their owners for a limited period while they are learning new trades.
Clancy, Robert
--The Freeman and We
Cowan, Tyler
--"Public Goods and Externalities", The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (online version, 2002) edited by David R. Henderson.
Dave, Barbara
--"Society and Clubs," Page B2, Washington Post, April 7 1912
The April meeting of the Woman's Single Tax Club was held at the home of Mr. and Mrs. William D. MACKENZIE, at 31 T street northwest, Monday evening. Plans were discussed for the national convention, which is to be held in this city in May, and Charles Frederick ADAMS was announced to speak at the Ingram Memorial Church next Sunday night.
Charles R. ADAIR, secretary to Congressman BUCHANAN, gave the address of the evening, relating from personal experience the result of increased land values in the middle West, due to increased population, agitation for deep waterways, and the improvement in railroad transportation, showing how in every instance the benefit inures, not to the workers, but to the landlord.
After a general discussion, hand-painted Easter cards were offered for sale for the benefit of the club, and refreshments were served. The May meeting will be held with Mrs. Margaret LOHR.
Those present were Mr. and Mrs. Ralph LEWIS, Mr. and Mrs. Charles A. METCALF, Dr. and Mrs. Daniel T. BIRTWELL, Mr. and Mrs. Leland P. SHIDY, Mr. and Mrs. William D. MACKENZIE, Mrs. Jennie L. MUNROE, Mrs. C. J. LEWIS, Mrs. Eva BATEMAN, Mrs. Walter I. SWANTON, Mrs. Margaret LOHR, Mrs. McCARTNEY, Mrs. ECCLESTON, Mrs. Floyd FROST, Mrs. WILD, Mrs. Spencer HEATH, Mrs. Blanche SANBORN, Misses MASON, Estelle WILD, S. M. BROOKS, Ruth GREATHOUSE, Lily ROSS, Flora RAYMOND, Ada RHODES, Prof. E. C. KENNEY, Messrs. A. L. COLTON, Elias J. DAKIN, H. Martin WILLIAMS, and Charles R. ADAIR.
dbahn [online name]
--The Aerodrome Forum, January 15, 2002
Although not really an adjustable pitch, American Propeller Company (which built Paragon Propellers) claims in a c. 1920 brochure that their wooden props were designed to change pitch in response to power input, and that by changing the geometric shape of the blades at the time of manufacture, they could alter the amount that this pitch change would occur. The claim was that a highly curved blade was able to change its pitch and that a straight (dynopter) blade maintained a more constant pitch.
Dizerega, Gus
--Persuasion, Power, and Polity: A Theory of Democratic Self-Organization (Cresskill, NJ: ICS Press, 2000).
P. 319:
Spencer Heath described why a system based on the rental and sale of services would appear more likely to serve the public good:The value of a community, of a city or of a state, is the value received by its owners for whatever community service they give or perform. Let those services so protect and aid and convenience the inhabitants that their productivity can be high, then the community income and the community values will be high.53
In this instance Heath wrote only of economic value, and so is mistaken. But in a democratic cooperative his argument would also apply to most other community values as well, and in this broader context is accurate.
p. 326:
53Spencer Heath, Citadel, Market and Altar (Baltimore: Science of Society Foundation, 1957), pp. 102-103.
Dodson, Edward J. (compiler)
--A Biographical History of the Georgist Movement [I have posted the entire entries for the persons cited. Please check Dodson's online version for any links.]
"Allen, John H.: New Jersey (Jersey City)1876 - Graduate from Lafayette College, Pennsylvania. 189- - Became supporter of HG. 1935 - Exchanged letters with Spencer Heath regarding Georgist theory, 12 December. 1938 - Address, on his introduction to teachings of Henry George, at the graduation exercises of the Henry George School, Newark, 5 December. 1939 - Serving as President, Jersey City, Chamber of Commerce. 19-- - Died, left a bequest to Lafayette College to advance the teachings of Henry George."
Baldwin, Charles G.: New York(New York). 1931 - Chaired Henry George Congress, Baltimore, October. 1936 - Exchanged letters with Spencer Heath, 27 October.
"Beckwith, L.D.: California(Stockton). 1898 - First involved in Single Tax movement. 1900-01 - Secretary, Chicago Single Tax Club. 1920s - Friend of Oscar Geiger; contributed to founding of the Henry George School. 1929 - Came to New York City to teach. 1930 - Delivered paper, "The Freest Paper in America, and What it Has Accomplished," at the Henry George Congress, San Francisco. 1941 - Exchanged letters with Spencer Heath."
Borsodi, Ralph (Photograph): Pennsylvania (Greencastle). 1884 - Born. 1923 - Book, Distribution Age, published. 1928 - Book, This Ugly Civilization, published. 1933 - book, Flight from the City, published. 1936 - Exchanged letters with Spencer Heath, 22 July. 1943 - Address, "What Americans Can Do About the Post-War Collapse," at School of Living dinner, 15 September. 1959 - Authored, The Challenge of Asia, Education and Living. 19-- - Booklet, Education and Living published. 19xx - Letter, Equal Rights; reprinted, Summer, 1987. 1977 - Died, age 90. 1977 - Ralph Borsodi -- Practical Realist, by Jack Schwartzman.
Chodorov, Frank. Photograph. New York (New York). 1919 - Served on convention committee for Single Tax Party, Chicago. 1930s - Article, "The Fundamental Principles," from an undated pamphlet, On False Advertising, published by HGS, NY. 1937-1941 - Director, Henry George School. 1937 - Article, The Right to Work -- For What?, The Freeman, November. 1937 - Serving as Director, The Freeman Corporation. 1938 - Article, Never-Ending Lending-Spending, The Freeman, July. 1938 - Article, Freedom, The Freeman, July. 1938 - Article, On the Founding of The Freeman, The Freeman, September. 1938 - Article, A Brief History of the Henry George School, The Freeman, September. 1938 - Article, Tracking Rent: Hide-and-Go-Seek Economics, The Freeman, September. 1938 - Article, The Keys to Peace: "I Bring A Sword", The Freeman, September. 1938 - Attended Henry George Congress, Toronto, Ontario, September. 1938 - Article, The Rape of Democracy, The Freeman, October. 1938 - Article, "Minority Problems"" A Bogey-Man, The Freeman, November 1938 - Article, When War Comes, The Freeman, November. 1938 - Appointed first full-time director, Henry George School. 1939 - Article, Is Education at Fault?, The Freeman, January. 1939 - Article, Social Sciences Failing Us, The Freeman, January. 1939 - Article, How to Balance the Budget, The Freeman, February. 1939 - Article, This "Pixilated" Civilization, The Freeman, February. 1939 - Article, Let's Try Capitalism, The Freeman, March. 1939 - Article, The Unpredictable Mr. Nock's 'Henry George', The Freeman, August. 1939 - Article, Taxes and Rent, The Freeman, September. 1940 - Address, [subject not known] delivered at the Henry George School commencement, Philadelphia, PA, 4 January. 1940 - Exchanged letters with Spencer Heath regarding Henry George's theories, 25 August. 1941 - Article, The Unreality of Expediency, The Freeman, Nov. (reprinted in Fragments, October-December 1966). 1942 - Resigned as Director of the Henry George School and editor of The Freeman, March. 1943 - Address, "Inflation in the Postwar World," delivered at the Mount Moriah Lodge, New York, NY, October. 1944 - Founded analysis. 1945 - Address, "The Future Outlook for Henry George's Philosophy," delivered at a meeting of the Henry George Fellowship, February. 1946 - Article, Government Contra State, analysis, February. 1946 - Article, Taxation, The Freeman. 1946 - Article, The Vulnerable State, reprinted in Fugitive Essays, Liberty Press, 1980. 1947 - Pamphlet, Taxation Is Robbery, Human Events. 1948 - Article, How I -- a Jew -- Came to God: An Intellectual Experience, analysis, March. 1948 - Article, The Lebenstraum Gag, analysis, June. 19-- - Article, "Bits and Pieces," analysis (reprinted, Fragments, April-June 1965). 19-- - Article, Henry George and Natural Law, analysis (reprinted in Fragments, July-September 1967). 1949 - Attended International Union conference, Swanwick, England. 1950 - Article, United We Fall, from analysis, May. 1952 - Chapter 1, On Promoting Individualism, from One Is A Crowd, published by Devin-Adair Co., New York. 195- - Article, Henry George and Natural Law, analysis. 1952 - Chapter 3, About Revolutions, from One Is A Crowd, published by Devin-Adair Co., New York. 1952 = Chapter 4, Return Revolution, from One Is A Crowd, pubilshed by Devin-Adair Co., New York. 1953 - Address, "In Defense of the State," delivered at the Commerce and Industry luncheon in Chicago. He played the role of prosecuting attorney in a cross-examination of himself as witness for the defense. 8 January. 1954 - Address, "the Real Class Struggle," delivered at the Commerce and Industry Luncheon, Marshall Field & Co., Chicago, 7 January. 1954 - Photograph. 1954 - Address, before Commerce & Industry luncheon, Chicago, January. 1955 - Article, "How Communism Came to America,"1956 - Article, The Dogmas of our Times, The Freeman, June. 1960 - Article, "Land Speculation Endangers the Economy," Human Events, December. 196- - Article, From Christmas to Christman, Fragments, Vol.I, No.4. 1962 - Article, "From Christmas to Christmas," Fragments, Vol.1. No.4 (reprinted, October-December 1980). 1964 - Article, "It's Fun to Fight," Fragments, October-December. 1964 - Article, The Great Leader, Fragments, Vol.III, No.1. 1964 - Article, Remember Robespierre, Fragments. 1966 - Died, December 29. 1967 - Remembrance, Frank Chodorov, 1888-1966, by Sydney Mayers, Henry George News, February. 1985 - Review by Felix Morley, "Honoring a Prophet," of a collection of Chodorov's essays published in 1980. 1995 - Article, Frank Chodorov: Teacher, by Robert LeFevre, Fragments, Spring. 1996 - Article, Frank Chodorov: Champion of Liberty, by Aaron Steelman, The Freeman, December.
Cowan, H. Bronson: Ontario(Ottawa). Author of Municipal Improvement and Finance. 1941 - Letter from Spencer Heath, 10 January 1951 - Letter printed, Henry George News, November. 1949 - Attended International Union conference, Swanwick, England. 1957 - Letter printed, Henry George News. 1958 - Article, "Method for Eliminating Slums," published in Henry George News. 1958 - Paper, "What America Can Learn from Australia's Achievements," delivered at the Henry George Foundation of America conference, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, November. 1960 - Letter printed, Henry George News, April.
duPont, Francis I.: New York (New York). 1936 - Exchanged letters with Spencer Heath, 29 June.
Heath, Spencer: Maryland (Elkridge). 1897 - Recording Secretary, Chicago Single Tax Club. 1931 - Delegate to Henry George Congress, Baltimore. 1934 - Began correspondence with several Georgists, lasting until at least 1941. 1936 - Met with leading New York Georgists to discuss Henry George's theories. 1936 - Paper, Politics Versus Proprietorship, published.
Johnson, Lewis J.: Massachusetts (Cambridge). Professor, Harvard University. 1916 - Serving as President, Massachusetts Single Tax League. 1917 - Photograph. 1921 - Active in Single Tax movement. 1940 - Exchanged correspondence with Spencer Heath, 1 February
Kendal, Clifford L.: New York (New York). 1937 - Exchanged correspondence with Spencer Heath, 14 January.
"MacCallum, Spencer Heath: 19-- Article, "The Alternative Georgist Tradition," reprinted in Fragments, Summer-Fall 1997. 1987 - Paper, "Beyond The Single Tax", presented at Point Loma Nazarene College, San Diego, CA; 22-26 July".
Monroe, John Lawrence. Illinois (Chicago). 1908 - Born, August 31. 1926 - Member, Henry George Foundation. 1929 - Took over HG Lecture Association after his father's death. 1930 - Paper, "Land Monopoly in England and America," delivered at Henry George Congress, San Francisco; September. 1931 - Paper, "Unemployment, a Challenge to Democracy," delivered at Henry George Congress, Baltimore. 1934 - Appointed director, Henry George School. 1936 - Exchanged correspondence with Spencer Heath regarding Henry George, 21 January. 1938 - Attended Henry George Congress, Toronto, Ontario. 1938 - Address, "History of the Henry George School Movement," at the graduation exercises of the Henry George School, New York, NY. 1939 - Article, Numbers -- Its Nature, Cause, Cure, The Freeman, March. 1949 - Initiated the Commerce and Industry Division of HGS. 1952 - Attended International Union conference, Odense, Denmark. 1953 - Address, on talking to business groups, delivered at the Henry George School, April. 1955 - Attended Henry George Schools conference, Baldwin-Wallace College, Berea, OH. 1959 - Director, Commerce and Industry Program. 1959 - Attended Henry George Schools conference, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ. 1960 - Attended Henry George Schools conference, Detroit, MI. 1961 - Henry George School changed to the Institute for Economic Inquiry. 1961 - Attended Henry George School conference, Hartford, Connecticut. 1962 - Photograph. 1962 - Changed name of program to Institute for Economic Inquiry. 1962 - Attended Henry George Schools conference, Chatham College, Pittsburgh, PA. 1966 - Attended Henry George School conference, St. Louis, Missouri. 1968 - Retires, moves to San Francisco. 1979 - Suffered a stroke. 1979 - Photograph. 1979 - Attended Joint Georgist Conference, San Francisco, CA. 1988 - Died, January 23.
Fennell, Lee Anne
--"Contracting Communities", University of Illinois Law Review, Vol 2004, No 4
Foldvary, Fred E.
--"comment on "All Hail Free Trade (and Henry George)"
--"The Completely Decentralized City: The Case for Benefits Based Public Finance," in City and Country (MMalden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2001) edited by Lawrence S. Moss.
P. 406:
The practice of government today is to have mass democracy for all levels of government, and thus a voter faces a long ballot with candidates for city council, mayor, county supervisors, state legislators, Congressional representatives, a Senator, and the President. Most voters do not bother to spend much time investigating all the candidates and vote either by a rule of thumb such as political party, or are swayed by campaign advertising that presents an image and a biased, superficial treatment of the issues. The practice by voluntary associations would more likely be small-group multi-level voting, avoiding the dysfunction of transfer seeking. (See the Columbia Association case study, described in Section V.) The voters at the lowest level would only vote for a few representatives to their neighborhood council. Those associations practicing mass democracy would be costlier and less effective than smaller groups, and competition with the more communitarian small-group associations would tend to favor them over mass democracy."
"The association level above that of the neighborhood would in turn elect an association above it to federate the second-level associations for services with even greater economies of scale, and for coordination among the second-level associations. The associations would form a bottom-up small-group multi-level voting structure, the polity based on neighborhood cells, hence a "cellular democracy" as contrasted with mass democracy. The highest-level council would be that of a city, county, state, up to a continent and the entire planet. Spencer Heath (1957, p. 96), among others, envisioned such a structure, although he provided few details."
--"Government and Governance", commentary, 1/1/97, Independent Institute.
--"Heath: Estranged Georgist", American Journal of Economics and Sociology, April, 2004.
--"The Libertarian Perspective: The Route to Economic Justice?", GeoPhilos, Spring, 2003, No. 3(1), pp. 114-121.
--Private Urban Communities
--Public Goods and Private Communities (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1994).
--"Private Communities and Local Exchange"
--"The Ultimate Tax Reform: Public Revenue from Land Rent", CSI Policy Study (Santa Clara, CA: Civil Society Institute, February 2006).
--"Recalculating Consent".
geneological records of the Virginia Heaths.
--There is a "William Spencer Heath" (1836-84) mentioned (Father of Spencer Heath?). Spencer Heath's given name is William Spencer Heath, but he dropped the "William" early on.
Goldman, Andre
--The Common Economic Protocols, April 15, 2002
Gordon, Peter
--"Hayek and Cities: Guidelines for Regional Scientists"
Gregg, Kenneth R.
--"Comments on "Bastiat's Legacy in Economics", 2/17/06.
--"Henry George" on CLASSical Liberalism
Halliday, Ray
--Review of Spencer Heath's Citadel, Market and Altar
Haugh, Sean
--"review of The Art of Community by Spencer H. MacCallum", Formulations, Summer 1996.
Heath, Hari
--"Phase III: Civilization Engineering", Idaho Observer, May 2006.
Heath, Spencer
--"Aeronautics: the American magazine of aerial navigation", Feb. 1908-Jan. 1911
P. 1 [advertisement].
"Write for printed forms on which to describe your machine and ask us anything you want to know about propellers. AMERICAN PROPELLER COMPANY. 616 G STREET, WASHINGTON, D.C."
--Basic Propeller Construction - Materials
--"The Social Function of Mr. Henry Ford" [and here]
--"SPENCER HEATH ON HENRY GEORGE AND LAND ADMINISTRATION: Correspondence & Private Notes, Published & Unpublished, from the Spencer Heath Archives Maintained by Spencer H. MacCallum--Section I"
--"SPENCER HEATH ON HENRY GEORGE AND LAND ADMINISTRATION: Correspondence & Private Notes, Published & Unpublished, from the Spencer Heath Archives Maintained by Spencer H. MacCallum--Section II"
--"SPENCER HEATH ON HENRY GEORGE AND LAND ADMINISTRATION: Correspondence & Private Notes, Published & Unpublished, from the Spencer Heath Archives Maintained by Spencer H. MacCallum--Section III"
Liebmann, George W.
--THE NEW AMERICAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT [references to SH MacCallum]
Holloway, Kimberly
--"Robert LeFevre Once Again A Hit"
"Many famous thinkers guest-lectured at Rampart College, including Spencer Heath and Rose Wilder Lane, daughter of Laura Ingalls and author of the The Discovery of Freedom, one of the seminal books of Libertarian thought. And it was from Robert LeFevre that Andrew Galambos in 1963 first heard about and adopted the concept of zero-political state."
Lowi, Jr., Alvin
--"comment on "All Hail Free Trade (and Henry George)"
--"Community Roots: Technological Prospects for Integrated, On-Site Utilities in Entrepreneurial Land Development with Special Reference to Water Supply" (unpublished)
--THE LEGACY OF SPENCER HEATH [This is an invaluable three part series on Spencer Heath from the Journal of Socionomics]:
- 1. THE LEGACY OF SPENCER HEATH: A FORMER STUDENT REMEMBERS THE MAN AND OFFERS SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE SCIENTIFIC ORIENTATION OF HIS WORK
- 2. SPENCER HEATH'S PERSONAL TRINITY
- 3. CONCLUSIONS
To get around this problem in order to proceed with his approach to social science, which he called "Socionomy," Spencer Heath bundled all the social aspects of "property" into what he called "the subject matter of contracts."6 This may seem like an oversimplification but, among other things, it solves, at least potentially, one critical problem regarding "primary property," namely disclosure. Disclosure would seem to be the first step in realizing the potential social consequences of "primary property." Presumably, this is how land and natural resources can be brought under proprietary administration.
Heath had anticipated Galambos’ "integrity of property" idea by some number of years.7 However, in contrast to Galambos, Heath did not attribute any special moral significance to "property." Thereby, he was able to pursue his scientific quest without distraction from premature or irrelevant moral issues. I would characterize Heath’s approach as anthropological in which common law figures prominently.
6 Spencer Heath, Citadel, Market and Altar--Emerging Society--Outline of Socionomy, the New Natural Science of Society, The Science of Society Foundation, Baltimore, MD, 1957. (c/o Heather Foundation, P.O.Box 180, Tonopah, NV 89049).
7 Heath set forth the grand alternative to politics in principle in a 1936 pamphlet entitled "Politics versus Proprietorship" (c/o Heather Foundation, P.O.Box 180, Tonopah, NV 89049).
--"On Andrew Galambos and His Primary Property Ideas - Section 3"
While it is unlikely an innovator would willingly disclose his ideas to a hostile audience, he might willingly forego contractual formalities and dedicate his ideas to the public. This was the posture adopted by Spencer Heath, another practicing patent attorney. Such an act might very well have satisfied his rational self-interest. Having obtained the satisfaction that comes from the conception itself, he might see further profit to himself in terms of the satisfaction that derives from capturing the attention of others and inspiring them in some way. This may in turn create a kind of "resonance" out of which more ideas will be forthcoming. Spencer Heath believed that the more he shared his intangibles with others, the more of them he would have to share. For Heath, disclosure was a means of growing intellectual capital.
--Reciprocity, Cooperation and Property
MacCallum, Spencer Heath [Grandson of Spencer Heath]
--"The Alternative Georgist Tradition", Fragments, Vol. 35, No. 1/2 (Summer/Fall 1997), p. 2
--"American Indian Art of the North Pacific Coast".
--The Art of Community (Menlo Park, CA: Institute for Humane Studies, 1970).
--"Associated Individualism," Reason Magazine, 1974.
--"The Case for Land Lease Versus Subdivision: Homeowners' Associations Reconsidered," in David T. Beito, Peter Gordon, and Alexander Tabarrok, eds., The Voluntary City (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002): 371-79.
--"Community Technology", Unpublished.
--"Editorial Preface" (1978), Flight From Inflation by E.C. Riegel.
--"Editorial Preface" (1975), New Approach to Freedom by E.C. Riegel.
--"The Enterprise of Community: Market Competition, Land, and Environment", Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 17, No. 4 (Fall, 2003) [and here].
--"The Entreprepreneurial Community in Light of Advancing Business Practices and Technologies", The Half-Life of Policy Rationales: How New Technology Affects Old Policy Issues (New York: New York U. Press, 2993) pp. 227-242 edited by Fred E. Foldvary and Daniel B. Klein.
--From Upstate New York to the Horn of Africa, Liberty, May 2005, Volume 19, Number 5.
--"Land Policy and the Open Community: The Anarchist Case for Land-Leasing versus Subdivision", Formulations, No. 29 (Summer, 2001).
--Looking Back and Forward
--"In Search of a Word : Limited Government versus 'Anarchy'", Voluntaryist, Number 82 (Oct 1996).
--"A Model Lease for Orbis", Formulations, Spring, 1996.
--"New Countries and the Case For Keeping One's Cards Close to One's Chest", Formulations, Autumn, 1997.
--"Planning Through Exclusive Dialogue: Basic Lessons We Can Learn From The Private Estate", Economic Affairs, Vol. 25, No. 4 (December, 2005).
--"Politics Versus Proprietorship: Remarks Prefatory to Discussion of the Orbis Constitution for Proprietary Communities", Formulations, Summer, 1996.
--"The Quickening of Social Evolution: Perspectives on Proprietary (Entrepreneurial) Communities," The Independent Review, Vol. II, No. 2, Fall, 1997, pp. 287-302.
--"The Quickening of Social Evolution: Negotiating the Last Rapids, Perhaps" [online revised edition, 2004]
--"Reconciling property in Land with Classical Liberal Thought", Journal of Socionomics.
--"review of Economic Government"
"Social philosopher Spencer Heath maintained that we can't recognize atrocity for what it is until we can entertain an alternative. The example he gave was chattel slavery in the ancient world; few questioned it and fewer still raised their voice against it. Having already outlined the natural alternative to political (i.e. tax-based) government in his companion book, Economic Government, Klassen now articulates with rare clarity why political government is atrocity."
"He calls this book “the end of my foray into criticism of political government.” I welcome this implied emphasis on the health of society rather than its pathology. But if articulation of the pathology is called for, Klassen has done it with skill and clarity, dispassionately, and with forbearance."
"Connoisseurs of political behavior will deepen their understanding and strengthen their analytical skill when they recognize that the subject of their study is social pathology and they themselves are pathologists; for a pathologist can only understand his subject matter in the light of social health. That is the contribution of this book and its companion book, Economic Government."
--"A Scenario for Founding a Free Nation on an Imaginary Island in the Caribbean Sea", Formulations, Spring, 1999.
--"The Social Nature of Ownership", Modern Age.
--Spencer Heath (1876-1963) is a short overview of Spencer Heath's life.
--Spencer Heath, Pioneer in Aviation and Philosophy: Biographical Note
--Werner K. Stiefel’s Pursuit of a Practicum of Freedom [also here]
MacCallum, Taber [Great-grandson of Spencer Heath]
--History [CEO of the Paragon Space Development Corporation]
Named after a long line of engineers and inventors, the Paragon name and spirit have been around for generations. Our CEO, Taber MacCallum, inherited the Paragon name from his great-grandfather, Spencer Heath - the President of American Propeller Company. Beginning in 1910 Mr. Heath manufactured Paragon Propeller's - pioneering the first pitch adjusting propellers. Mr. Heath began working on and patenting his propeller designs in a small manufacturing plant as a side job. Within a few years, the demand for these propellers grew to the point that it became necessary to relocate the manufacturing activities to a larger plant. By 1917, the company had again moved to its final 84,000 square foot building and was manufacturing the majority of the propellers in the United States and had gained recognition abroad. Eighty percent of the propellers used by the allied government in WWI were Paragon propellers.
Mann, Frederick
--"#TL13: HOW TO SELL FREEDOM FOR PROFIT", 1993.
McCain, H. I.
--TECH, Vol.37. No.34, 8/7/1917
--"STANDARDIZING AERO PARTS. Specifications for Tension Wires Adopted by Aeronautic Experts. The aeronatuical standards division of the Society of Automotive Engineers, which is co-operating with the aircraft production board of the Council of National Defense in standardization of materials to be used in the construction of the American aircraft fleet, has adopted specifications for the tension wires to be used in building and assembling the planes. It also discussed aeronautical steel specifications. Tile specifications for materials determined upon by the division, acting in co-operation with the aircraft board, will be based on the best modern practice and experience, and will be used as standard for machines for both the Army and Navy. Such a policy will, according to the division, greatly simplify the requirements to which material producers will be compelled to conform and thus promote quantity pro. The engineers present at a recent meeting, included Charles Al. Manly, M. W.T Hanks, Spencer Heath, Thomas H. Huff, G. C. Leoning, H. C. Dickinson, F. IV. Caldwell, F. G. Diffin, Karl Zimmzerscined of the automotive committee of the council, Roger Chauveau and Coker F. Clarkson."
McClaughry, John
--Private Idahoes, Reason, August/September, 1995.
McLean, Beverly
--Review of The Voluntary City: Choice, Community, and Civil Society edited by David T. Beito, Peter Gordon, and Alexander Tabarrok, Journal of Regional Science, Vol. 44, No. 1, 2004, pp. 186-88.
Matherne, Bobby
--Review of Citadel, Market, and Altar -- Emerging Society
Petro, Sylvester
--"Social Security, The Welfare State, and The Market", The Freeman, April 1994, Vol. 44, No. 4
Powell, Jim
--"The life and times of Murray N. Rothbard, who showed why private individuals can do just about everything that needs to be done"
Among other books, he reviewed Spencer Heath’s Citadel, Market and Altar (September 7, 1957)[in National Review].
RAF Museum
23 October--The American Propeller Company demonstrates the first reversible pitch propeller.
Reilly, Thomas
--Jannus, An American Flier (Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 1997)
P. 2:
Envisioning the airplane as a legitimate weapon of war, Jannus argued that the United States needed to increase its inventory of military aircraft. He and Spencer Heath of the American Propeller Company urged manufacturers, fliers, and the general public to write to their congressmen complaining about the lack of preparedness of the U.S. military in the face of the wartime situation in Europe. The slogan of their unofficial organization was "More Aeroplanes and Less Grape Juice!"5
P. 165:
By mid-October, Tony and Roger had settled in Baltimore. Fritz Ericson and Know Martin had traveled with the Jannus brothers from Toledo. J.D. Smith joined them by the end of October. Shortly after their arrival, they rented space in an old warehouse used by Spencer Heath's American Propeller Company. Almost immediately, the group began working on their own design--the Janus flying boat, a large biplane aircraft capable of carrying several passengers. Aeronautics magazine reported that Tony had designed and was building his first monoplane.22
P. 176:
According to Spencer Heath of the American Propeller Company, Roger and Tony built two, possibly three, flying boats while they were in Baltimore. Jannus's Lark was eventually sold to W.E. Davidson of Detroit, Michigan.47 If more Jannus flying boats were built, their history is unknown.
P. 188:
"JANNUS DIES IN RUSSIA" read the bold black letters of Tony's belated obituary in the Baltimore News on November 2, 1916. The telegram Spencer Heath of the American Propeller and Manufacturing Company received on the morning of November 2 was terse. Fritz Ericson had been given the miserable task of informing Jannus's relatives in Washington. Few details about his death were offered by anyone in the Curtiss organization, perhaps for several reasons. The Curtiss company in Canada remained subject to the wartime secrecy that had existed since 1915. The fate of a lone American airman doing support work in Russia was not enough reason to risk the loss of business. Lack of information was probably also tied to Curtiss's fears of a lawsuit by the Romanov government in Moscow.
Riegel, E.C. (and edited by Spencer Heath MacCallum)
--THE NEW APPROACH TO FREEDOM: Together with Essays on the Separation of Money and State (San Pedro, CA: Heather Foundation, 1976, online edition 2003), Chapter 2: What Is Money?
Remington, Steve
--"Robert J. Stewart 1893-1948," Chirp No. 40, April 1949 [associate of Spencer Heath].
Rothbard, Murray
--Man, Economy, and State with Power & Market--Scholars Edition (Auburn, AL: Mises Institute, 2004)
P. 565:
9When an owner performs, and earns a return for, an essentially labor activity which he could also perform as an employee (e.g., the owner-manager), that return is an implicit wage. On definitions of "labor," see Spencer Heath, Citadel, Market, and Altar (Baltimore: Science of Society Foundation, 1957), pp. 235-6.
P. 660:
20The only author, to our knowledge, that looks forward to One (voluntary) Big Cartel as a potential ideal is Heath, Citadel, Market and Altar, pp. 184-87.
P. 670:
32Francis Wayland, The Elements of Political Economy (Boston: Gould & Lincoln, 1854), p. 116. Cf. this later definition by Arthur Latham Perry: "A monopoly, as the derivation of the word implies, is a restriction imposed by a government upon the sale of certain services." Perry, Political Economy, p. 190. In recent years this definition has all but died out. A rare current example is "Monopoly exists when government by its coercive power limits to a particular person or organization, or combination of them, the right to sell particular goods or services...It is an infringement of the right to make a living." Heath, Citadel, Market, and Altar, p. 237.
P. 891:
18Cf. the interesting definition of "democracy" in Heath, Citadel, Market, and Altar, p. 234.
P. 936:
49I do not know anyone who has brought out the productivity of landowners as clearly as Mr. Spencer Heath, an ex-Georgist. See Spencer Heath, How Come That We Finance World Communism? (mimeographed MS., New York,: Science of Society Foundation, 1953); idem, Rejoinder to 'Vituperation Well Answered' by Mr. Mason Gaffney (New York: Science of Society Foundation, 1953); idem, Progress and Poverty Reviewed (New York: The Freeman, 1952).
50Spencer Heath comments on Henry George as follows:Wherever the services of land owners are concerned he is firm in his dictum that all values are physical...In the exchange services performed by [landowners], their social distribution of sites and resources, no physical production is involved; hence he is unable to see that they are entitled to any share in the distribution of physical things and that the rent they receive...is but recompense for their non-coercive distributive or exchange services...He rules out all creation of values by the services performed in [land] distribution by free contract and exchange, which is the sole alternative to either a violent and disorderly or an arbitrary and tyrannical distribution of land. (Heath, Progress and Poverty Reviewed, pp. 9-10).
P. 1131:
65Another example of government creation of a monopoly gain in land has been cited by the Georgist economist, Mason Gaffney: "City governments all over the country deliberately keep 'dead lands' off the market, with the avowed purpose of 'protecting' other land prices." Gaffney cites the head of the American Society of Planning Officials as advising that a vacant one-third of urban land be "more or less permanently removed from private ownership" in order to keep up land values for the owners of the remaining two-thirds. Gaffney concludes: "Following this advice, many sate and local governments avoid returning tax-reverted lands to use." Mason Gaffney, "Vituperation Well Answered," Land and Liberty, December, 1952, p. 126; reprinted in Spencer Heath, Progress and Poverty Reviewed (2nd ed.; New York: The Freeman, 1953).
P. 1203:
Yet this central Georgist contention overlooks the realities. The owner of ground land performs a very important productive service. He brings sites into use and allocates them to the most value-productive bidders. We must not be misled by the fact that the physical stock of land is fixed at any given time. In the case of land, as of other goods, it is not just the physical good that is sold, but a whole bundle of services along with it--among which is the service of transferring ownership from seller to buyer. Ground land does not simply exist; it must be served to the user by the owner. (One man can perform both functions when the land is "vertically integrated.")47
47"Land itself does not service civilized men any more than food itself does. Both are served to them." Spencer Heath, How Come That We Finance World Communism? (mimeographed MS., New York: Science of Society Foundation, 1953), p. 3. See also Heath, Rejoinder to "Vituperation Well Answered" by Mason Gaffney (New York: Science of Society Foundation, 1953).
P. 1204:
The landowner earns the highest ground rents by allocating land sites to their most value-productive uses, i.e., to those uses most desired by consumers. In particular, we must not overlook the importance of location and the productive service of the site owner in insuring the most productive locations for each particular use.
The view that bringing sites into use and deciding on their location is not really "productive" is a vestige of the old classical view that a service which does not tangibly "create" something physical is not "really" productive.48 Actually, this function is just as productive as any other, and a particularly vital function it is. To hamper and destroy this function would have grave effects on the economy.
48See Spencer Heath, Progress and Poverty Reviewed (New York: The Freeman, 1952), pp. 7-10. Commenting on George, Heath states:But wherever the services of landowners are concerned he is firm in his dictum that all values are physical...In the exchange services performed by [landowners], their social distribution of sites and resources, no physical production is involved; hence he is unable to see that they are entitled to any share in the distribution for their noncoercive distributive or exchange services...He rules out all creation of values by the services performed in [land] distribution by free contract and exchange, which is the sole alternative to either a violent and disorderly or an arbitrary and tyrranical distribution of land. (Ibid., pp. 9-10).
P. 1207-8:
"...Of course, as we shall see further below, the State has no incentive or means for efficient allocation either. At any rate, land sites, like any other resources, must be owned and controlled by someone, either a private owner or the government. Sites can be allocated either by voluntary contract or by governmental coercion, and the latter is what is attempted by the single tax or by land nationalization.51,52
51See Heath:Must we suppose that land...distributes itself?...It can be and often is distributed by the government of a prison camp or by the popularly elected denizens of a city hall...Alternatively, in any free society its sites and resources must be and chiefly are distributed by the process of free contract in which...the title-holder is [1208] the only possible first party to the contract. From him flows his social service of distribution. The rent is his automatic recompense, set and limited in amount by the free market. (Heath, How Come that We Finance World Communism?, p. 5)
See also Heath, The Trojan Horse of "Land Reform" (New York: n.d.), pp. 10-12, and Heath, Citadel, Market, and Altar (Baltimore: Science of Society Foundation, 1957).
P. 1281:
"...Each individual's vote, in that case, would be meaningfully tied to his share in the ownership of joint assets.21 In such a purely free society there would be nothing for democratic electors to vote about. Here, too, democracy can be only a possible route toward a free society, rather than an attribute of it.
21To Spencer Heath, this is the only genuine form of democracy:When persons contractually pool their separate titles to property by taking undivided interests in the whole, they elect servants--officers--and otherwise exercise their authority over their property by a process of voting, as partners, share owners or other beneficiaries. This is authentically democratic in that all the members exercise authority in proportion to their respective contributions. Coercion is not employed against any, and all persons are as free to withdraw their membership and property as they were to contribute it. (Heath, Citadel, Market, and Altar, p. 234).
--"The Myth of Neutral Taxation", Cato Journal, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Fall, 1981), pp. 519-64.
--"Rothbard on Democracy">
Simine's U.S. Aviation Patent Database
--Patent No. 913,517 Lake, Christopher J, Bridgeport, CT & Spencer Heath, Washington, DC 2/8: Aerial vessel 1909-02-23
Sokolov, Dmitry
--Print Advertising as a Market Mechanism to Facilitate a Transition Between WWI and Post-War North American Markets.
" Print advertising successfully used connotations of military reliability and proven success to help transform firms producing for public wartime markets into domestic North American peace production. Immediately after the war aviation, automotive and textile industries unanimously turned to advertising to re-align their image and generate demand in the domestic markets. Figure 4 shows an example of a 1920 advertisement for a daily that showcases an advertisement on one of its pages. The American Propeller Company is relying on the linguistic message explaining its military achievements – and seeking an advertising company to herald the message to Baltimore readers. Editorials on the pages of 1920’s Printer’s Ink also promote use of advertising as a means to ‘save war style for peace use” thus showing a reliance on print medium to facilitate the transition between American markets of war and peace."
SP-4103 Model Research - Volume 2
--[645] PUBLIC SESSION, COMMITTEE ON MATERIALS FOR AIRCRAFT
20. "Report of Proceedings of Second General Conference between Representatives of Aircraft Manufacturers and Operators and National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics," held at Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory on 24 May 1927, undated.
The Committee on Materials for Aircraft then met in joint session with the other members of the conference, Dr. Burgess presiding.
Representatives of Manufacturers and Operators:
Paragon Engineers, Incorporated, Baltimore, Md.: Mr. Spencer Heath [one of many representatives]
Stromberg, Joseph
--"Introduction to Man, Economy, and State with Power and Market" in Rothbard, Murray
Man, Economy, and State with Power & Market--Scholars Edition (Auburn, AL: Mises Institute, 2004)
P. lxxi-lxxii:
"Rothbard subscribed to an "anti-Whig" view of history, especially in the history of thought. He did not believe that ideas followed a single path upward and onward, or that more [lxxii] modern doctrines were necessarily better than older ones.Instead, he thought that modern, mainstream economics was founded on error that could only produce further errors. Hence, his use of obscure and forgotten sources--Gustave de Molinari, Benjamin Tucker, Amasa Walker, Francis, A. Walker, Leon Wolowski, Emile Levasseur, Arthur Latham Perry, Wordsworth Donisthorpe, Auberon Herbert, (his contemporary) Spencer Heath, and many others--in his search for insights not found in the standard literature. Rothbard culled important insights from these writers and brought them into his Austrian synthesis.
Tame, Chris R.
--"Co-operation Without Community", Philosophical Notes No. 11, 2nd. ed, 1998. Libertarian Alliance. Originally published in Free Life, Vol. 3, No. 3/4, July, 1983.
Widmer, Kingsly
--"Utopia and Liberty: Some Contemporary Issues Within Their Intellectual Traditions," Literature of Liberty, Vol. IV, No. 4, (Winter, 1981).
Wikipedia
--MacCallum, Spencer Heath and here
--Private Community
--Spencer Heath
Zube, J.M.
--[Online Listing for Spencer Heath]
CITADEL, MARKET AND ALTAR, Emerging Society, Outline of Socionomy, The New Natural Science of Society, The Science of Society Foundation, Elkridge, Maryland, 1957, 283pp, indexed, with list of terms and illustrations and some supplementary material, in PP 1,003.
Heath's Parliamentary Table, on the validity and treatment of motions, 1p, 1906, in PP 1,003 & 1123.
Notes on the Organization of Real Estate, n.d., 5pp, in PP 1,003.
Politics versus Proprietorship. A fragmentary study of social and economic phenomena with particular reference to the public administrative functions belonging to proprietorship in land - - proprietorship as a creative social agency. 1936, 71pp, in PP 1214. - First appearance of the concept of the "proprietary community".
Private Property in Land Explained, Some New Light on the Social Order and its Mode of Operation, 1939, by Spencer Heath, 22pp, in PP 1,003.
Progress & Poverty Reviewed & its Fallacies Exposed, 1952, 23pp, with supplementary material, 7pp, in PP 1,003.
Society and Its Services, Why the Henry George Idea Does not Prevail, n.d., 10pp, in PP 1,003.
The Inspiration of Beauty, Human Emergence into the Divine by Creative Artistry, August 1960, 16pp, with another, slightly different version of the same pamphlet undated, in 10pp, in PP 1,003.
The Trojan Horse of "Land Reform", A Critique of Land Communism or "Single Tax" as Advocated in the Doctrinal Statement Prepared by the Rev. Dr. Edward McGlynn, n.d., 13pp, with 8pp of the Doctrinal Statement & Comments, in PP 1,003.
